2003 Feb;36(1):35-54; Reid JR, Wheeler SF. Nontoxic multinodular goiter (MNG) is a disease of the thyroid gland characterized by the presence of thyroid nodules (dominant focal structural lesions) without biochemical abnormalities of the thyroid gland. A toxic multinodular goitre (MNG; also known as Plummer's disease) contains multiple autonomously functioning nodules, resulting in hyperthyroidism. However, non-functioning thyroid nodules in the same goitre may be malignant. These nodules function independently of thyroid-stimulating hormone and are almost always benign.
Toxic multinodular goiter; Plummer disease; Thyrotoxicosis - nodular goiter; Overactive thyroid - toxic nodular goiter; Hyperthyroidism - toxic nodular goiter; Toxic multinodular goiter; MNG. Hyperthyroidism: diagnosis and treatment. Terminology. World J Surg. Toxic multinodular goiter is the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism (after Graves' disease) in the developed world, whereas iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developing-world countries where the population is iodine-deficient. 2005 Aug 15;72(4):623-30 full-text; Bahn RS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. (Decreased iodine leads to decreased thyroid hormone.) Background: Multinodular goiter (MNG) is regarded as one of the most common causes of hyperthyroidism, particularly in areas of mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency. The present study aims to explore the effects of the radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy on benign non-toxic … Otolaryngol Clin North Am. Toxic nodular goiter (TNG) represents a spectrum of disease ranging from a single hyperfunctioning nodule (toxic adenoma) within a multinodular thyroid to a gland with multiple areas of hyperfunction. Multinodular goiter. Toxic nodular goiter involves an enlarged thyroid gland. 2008 Jul;32(7):1278-84; Day TA, Chu A, Hoang KG. One or more of these nodules produce too much thyroid hormone.
Hyperthyroidism and other …
Am Fam Physician. The purpose of this review is to summarize current knowledge of the etiology of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter (MNG) with respect to the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and molecular pathology. The gland contains areas that have increased in size and formed nodules. When increased activity and hyperthyroidism are present then the condition is referred to as a toxic multinodular goiter or Plummer disease.. Multinodular goiter has been criticized as being a somewhat unhelpful term as some multinodular thyroids are not enlarged, resulting in the unwieldy term "multinodular non-enlarged thyroid" 7.
The natural history of a multinodular goiter involves variable growth of individual nodules; this may progress to hemorrhage and degeneration, followed by healing and fibrosis. However, iodine deficiency can cause goiter (thyroid enlargement); … Evidence-based management of toxic multinodular goiter (Plummer's Disease).
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